withdraw

To stop being a participant in a study.

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wash-out

A time before starting a study treatment when a person stops taking other medicines.

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voluntary participation

Choosing to participate in research without feeling pressured.

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validate

To confirm that a process or test works as planned, or results are true.

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umbrella trial

A research study that tests and compares two or more study treatments for one disease or condition.

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treatment effect

How much a study treatment changes a condition, symptom, or function.

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synergistic effect

When two or more things combined have a greater effect than when their individual effects are added together.

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superiority trial

A study to test if a study treatment works better than another treatment for the same condition.

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substudy

A study with a smaller group of participants already enrolled in the main study.

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study statistician

A person who uses math to help design a study and interpret the data.

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